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Κυριακή 3 Απριλίου 2022

The Endoscopic Anatomy of the External Acoustic Meatus and of the Middle Ear in Dry Temporal Bones: A Study Conducted using Digital and Mobile Device Technology

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Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731813

Introduction The endoscopic anatomy of the middle ear (ME) and of the external acoustic meatus (EAM) has been described in cadavers, in fresh temporal bones, or in vivo using conventional video recording, but not in dry bones or using an alternative inspection and recording technique. Objective To study the anatomy of the ME and of the EAM in dry temporal bones using a smartphone-endoscope system. Methods The EAM and the ME were studied in dry temporal bones using an endoscopic transcanal approach with a telescope connected to a smartphone (M-scope mobile endoscope app and adaptador, GBEF Telefonia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). Results Out of 50 specimens, 2 had exostosis of the EAM and 3 contained remains of the tympanic membrane. The anterior wall of the EAM was prominent in 10/48 specimens (20.8%). Ossicles were seen in 13/45 (28.8%), stapes at the oval window were seen in 12/45 (26.6%), and the incus was seen in 1/45 (2.2%) specimens. The facial canal was open and protruding in 15/45 (33.3%) and in 7/45 (15.5%) specimens, respectively. Of the 45 MEs evaluated, type A was predominant for finiculus (93.3%), subiculum (100%), and ponticulus (95.6%). The rest were type B. None was classified as type C. According to its position in relation to the round window, the fustis was classified into type A (68.9%) or B (31.1%). The pyramidal eminence, the bony portion of the Eustachian tube, the semicanal of the tensor tympani muscle, and the cochleariform process were visualized completely or partially in all cases. Conclusion The use of a smartphone-based endoscopic transcanal procedure in dry temporal bones allowed the evaluation of anatomical variations in the EAM and in the ME.
[...]

Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda. Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil

Article in Thieme eJournals:
Table of contents  |  Abstract  |  open access Full text

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COVID-19, pandemia y acúfeno

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Resumen El acúfeno es un síntoma que puede presentarse aislado o en diferentes patologías. Se describe como la percepción de un sonido o percepción auditiva fantasma no producida por una vibración o estímulo acústico externo, que es inaudible para el entorno. La COVID-19 causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, es una enfermedad que ha mostrado diversidad en su expresión, severidad, síntomas y secuelas. El acúfeno es una condición relacionada con el sistema auditivo que ha sido estudiada durante la pandemia por COVID-19 y se ha podido observar un incremento en la incidencia y/o exacerbación de la percepción de este síntoma, en donde se involucran múltiples factores que se vuelven importantes de considerar.
Abstract Tinnitus is a symptom that can occur in isolation or in different pathologies. It is described as the perception of a sound, or as a phantom auditory perception that is not produced by a vibration or external acoustic stimulus, which is inaudible to the en vironment. COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is a disease that has shown diversity in its expression, severity, symptoms and sequelae. Tinnitus is a condition related to the auditory system that has been studied during the COVID-19 pandemic, and an increase in the incidence and/or exacerbation of the perception of this symptom has been observed, involving multiple factors that become important to consider.
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Tuberculosis en cabeza y cuello. Experiencia en la Patagonia chilena y revisión de la literatura

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Resumen La tuberculosis (TBC) es una de las patologías infecciosas que más muertes ha producido a nivel mundial, sobrepasando al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). En Chile a pesar de la baja incidencia de la patología, aun no es posible llegar a su erradicación. La TBC es una enfermedad que habitualmente compromete el pulmón, sin embargo, en ocasiones compromete otros sitios del organismo, siendo la ubicación en cabeza y cuello una de las más importantes. Las manifestaciones clínicas son variadas y el curso de estas puede ser larvado, simulando otras patologías de mayor frecuencia en el ámbito otorrinolaringológico y transformando su diagnóstico en un desafío mayor. En este artículo se presentan tres casos clínicos diagnosticados y manejados en nuestra en región, además de una revisión de la literatura disponible en relación a la presentación clínica, orientación diagnóstica y tratamiento de la patología.
Abstract Tuberculosis is one of the inf ectious diseases which has produced more deaths around the world, even more than human immunodeficiency virus. In Chile, despite of the low incidence, there is still not possible to eradicate it. Tuberculosis is a disease which commonly compromises lungs, however, in some occasions involves another site of the organism, been the location in head and neck one of the most important. The clinical features are diverse and the natural history of those can be masked, for this reason it can simulate another more frequent disease in otolaryngology field, making the diagnosis a real challenge. In this article, we present three clinical cases diagnosed and treated in our region, besides, a review of the available literature related with the clinical presentation, diagnosis orientation and treatment of this pathology.
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Rehabilitación olfatoria en pacientes laringectomizados: maniobra de inducción del flujo aéreo nasal

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Resumen Introducción: La laringectomía total (LT) tiene como secuela la perdida de la voz, pero otra consecuencia no estudiada es la pérdida del olfato. Objetivo: Demostrar que la "maniobra de inducción del flujo aéreo nasal" (MIFAN) rehabilita el olfato en pacientes con LT. Material y Método: Estudio cuasiexperimental antes-después en pacientes laringectomizados por cáncer de laringe del Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau (HBLT) de Santiago de Chile. Evaluación a través de encuesta, examen físico, nasofibroscopía y test olfatométrico. Pacientes con alteración del olfato por transmisión serán enrolados y se enseñará la MIFAN. Resultados: Se estudiaron 12 pacientes: 10 hombres, 2 mujeres. Edad promedio 66,3 años, todos autovalentes. 66,6% presentó anosmia y 33,3% hiposmia. Todos lograron realizar la maniobra. Posrehabilitación el 100% presentó presencia de olfato valorada por olfatometría. Población intervenida simi lar a otras series en cuanto a sexo y edad. La erigmofonación facilita la rehabilitación con MIFAN. La rehabilitación del olfato se logró en todos y paralelamente mejoró el sentido del gusto. Conclusión: La MIFAN es una técnica sencilla, barata y asequible para lograr rehabilitar el sentido del olfato en pacientes laringectomizados.
Abstract Introduction: Total laryngectomy (TL) has as a consequence the loss of voice, but another not studied consequence is the loss of smell. Aim: To demonstrate that the "nasal airflow inducing maneuver" (NAIM) rehabilitates smell in patients with TL. Material and Method: A quasi-experimental before-after study in laryngectomized patients for laryngeal cancer from the Otorhinolaryngology Service (ENT) of the Barros Luco Trudeau Hospital (BLTH) at Santiago, Chile. Evaluation through survey, physical examination, nasofibroscopy and olfactory test. Patients with transmission impairment of smell were enrolled and NAIM was performed. Re sults: 12 patients were studied: 10 men, 2 women. Average age 66.3 years. All self-supporting. 66.6% presented anosmia and 33.3% hyposmia. They all managed to perform the maneuver. Post-rehabilitation, 100% presented the presence of smell assessed by olfactometry. Intervened population similar to other series in terms of sex and age. Esophageal speech facilitates NAIM rehabilitation. Rehabilitation of smell was achieved in all of them and in parallel, the sense of taste improved. Conclusion: NAIM is a simple, cheap and affordable technique to rehabilitate the sense of smell in laryngectomized patients.
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Wie kann wissenschaftliches Arbeiten in der Medizin vermittelt werden? Digitale Lehre in Zeiten der COVID-Pandemie am Beispiel der HNO-Heilkunde

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Um aus der Not der Umstellung der Lehre in Zeiten der COVID-Pandemie eine Tugend zu machen, entwickelten wir das Konzept eines neuen digitalen Seminars zum wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten. Digitale Kompetenz begründet den kompetenten Umgang mit Daten in medizinischer Lehre und wissenschaftlicher Ausbildung. Diese Studie präsentiert die Ergebnisse der studentischen Lehrevaluation des Seminars mit Fokus auf den Erwerb von digitaler und wissenschaftlicher Kompetenz.

Methode

In diese prospektive Fragebogen-Studie wurden 265 Studierende eingeschlossen. Das Seminar beinhaltete eine Einführung über die Kriterien guten wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens, gefolgt von einer individuellen Arbeitsphase der Studenten mit Bearbeitung einer wissenschaftlichen Publikation und selbstständigen Erstellung des zugehörigen Abstracts mit abschließender Evaluation.

Ergebnisse

Das Seminar wurde insgesamt gut bewertet. In Freitext-Kommentaren wurde deutlich, dass sich die Studierenden statt digitaler Lehre dennoch Anwesenheitsseminare zum Thema wünschten. Die Studierenden gaben an, dass ihre wissenschaftliche Kompetenz durch das digitale Seminar und das selbständige Verfassen eines Abstracts verbessert wurde.

Schlussfolgerung

Die digitale Lehre wurde von den Studierenden zwar nicht ausschließlich positiv bewertet, verbesserte jedoch deren subjektive wissenschaftliche Kompetenz und erfüllte deren Wunsch einer digitalen Transformation der Lehre und damit auch die Ziele des neuen Nationalen Kompetenzbasierten Lernzielkatalogs der Medizin.

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Onkologische Nachsorge von Kopf-Hals-Tumor-Patienten

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Zusammenfassung

Trotz leitliniengerechter Versorgung erleiden stadien- und entitätsabhängig etwa 25–30 % der Patienten mit Kopf-Hals-Karzinomen ein Rezidiv. Primäre Ziele der systematischen Nachsorge bestehen u. a. darin, Rezidive und ggf. metachrone Zweitkarzinome frühzeitig zu erkennen und der adäquaten Therapie zuzuleiten, aber auch, eine Fernmetastasierung auszuschließen. Sekundärziele sind Erkennung und Behandlung von therapieassoziierten Nebenwirkungen zur Optimierung der Lebensqualität. Da das Rezidivrisiko v. a. in den ersten beiden Nachsorgejahren hoch ist, werden i. d. R. vierteljährliche Kontrollintervalle empfohlen, die später auf 6 Monate verlängert werden können. Eine Schnittbildgebung erfolgt bei klinischem Verdacht auf ein Rezidiv und ansonsten sowohl bei der jährlichen Nachsorge in der Primärtumorregion als auch bei der Suche nach Fernmetastasen. Die onkologische Nachsorge ist im Regelfall nach 5‑jähriger Rezidivfreih eit abgeschlossen.

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Chemotherapie und zielgerichtete Therapie von Kopf-Hals-Plattenepithelkarzinomen beim ASCO-Kongress 2021

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Bei der Konferenz der American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 2021 wurde Neues rund um Chemotherapien und zielgerichtete Therapien vorgestellt. im vorliegenden Beitrag werden einige dieser Publikationen zusammengefasst.

Ziel der Arbeit

Relevante Publikationen werden zusammenfasst dargestellt und bewertet.

Methoden

Über eine Datenbankabfrage wurden Abstracts des diesjährigen ASCO-Kongresses gesucht, die sich mit Chemotherapie oder zielgerichteten Therapien bei Kopf-Hals-Plattenepithelkarzinomen beschäftigten. Forschungsankündigungen ohne Daten sowie Publikationen mit Überschneidung zu den weiteren Artikeln dieser Ausgabe wurden aussortiert.

Ergebnisse

Die Autor*innen stellen 6 Artikel weiterführend vor. Hierbei geht es um neue Applikationsformen sowie die Dosisfindung bei Cisplatin. Zudem geht es um Neoadjuvanzien sowie Cetuximab nach Immuntherapie. Neu untersucht werden liposomales Irinotecan und der mHRAS-Inhibitor Tipifarnib.

Schlussfolgerung

Patientenspezifischere Dosierungen von Cisplatin sowie die lokale Applikation könnten in Zukunft von Bedeutung sein. Die Blockade von mHRAS wird im Einzelfall nach Sequenzierung Nutzen finden.

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A comparative assessment of the amount and rate of orthodontic space closure toward a healed vs recent lower premolar extraction site

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Angle Orthod. 2022 Mar 28. doi: 10.2319/102921-797.1. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To investigate and compare the amount and rate of space closure and tooth tipping during orthodontic space closure toward a recent vs healed first premolar extraction site.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mandibular arches of 23 patients were included. Treatment plans included lower first premolar extractions. After reaching 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless-steel archwires (SSAW), patients were subdivided into two groups (Group 1: space closure was carried out toward a healed first premolar extraction space and Group 2: space closure was carried out immediately after first premolar extraction). Elastomeric power chain from second molar to second molar was used to close lower extraction spaces. The following time points were defined: T1: just before space closure; T2-T4: 1-3 months after initial space closure. Records consisted of dental study models. The amount and rate of extraction space closure were evaluated at each time point.

RESULTS: In Group 1 (healed socket), a total amount of 1.98 mm (coronally) and 1.75 mm (gingivally) of space closure was achieved. The rate of space closure was 0.66 mm/month coronally and 0.58 mm/month gingivally. In Group 2 (recent socket), the total amount of space closure was 3.02 mm coronally and 2.68 mm gingivally. The rate of space closure was 1.01 mm/month coronally and 0.89 mm/month gingivally. Differences between t he two groups were significant (P < .01). Tipping of adjacent teeth during space closure was similar in both groups (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS: In the lower arch, the amount and rate of space closure toward a recent extraction site were higher than that toward a healed extraction socket with similar tipping of teeth in both groups.

PMID:35344007 | DOI:10.2319/102921-797.1

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10 clinical commandments

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The cost of replacing a medic, both financially and in time invested, is steep. Finding and hiring promising candidates is only one piece of the staffing puzzle. In an EMS1 Special Coverage Series, "Year One: Creating a career path for new EMTs," learn how to onboard team members to set them up for long-term success, through the first 90 days, the first 6 months and beyond.

By Casey Patrick, MD, FAEMS; and Xavier de la Rosa, BS, LP, NRP, FP-C

There are countless variations of new employee orientation schedules and clinical onboarding programs that exist within EMS services across the U.S. Most times, these are inherited, edited and improved upon as medical directors and clinical staff come and go.

At the new Harris County ESD11 Mobile Healthcare, we were tasked with quite the new employee clinical orientation challenge. Two hundred paramedics – all with existing full-time jobs in other services – 6 days to divvy 8 hours of clinical material … go!

Ten commandments have seemed to stick over time, so we copied that idea and developed the Harris County ESD11 Mobile Healthcare Clinical Commandments with the goal of setting initial expectations and tone moving forward.
Ten commandments have seemed to stick over time, so we copied that idea and developed the Harris County ESD11 Mobile Healthcare Clinical Commandments with the goal of setting initial expectations and tone moving forward. (Photo/Harris County ESD11 Mobile Healthcare)
No text material or evidence-based best practice existed to guide us through this process. Obviously, the high-risk clinical topics were high on the priority list – airway management, difficult refusals and chemical restraint. However, before getting into anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, we felt it was vital to address our clinical foundations for this brand new EMS service.

Ten commandments have seemed to stick over time, so we copied that idea and developed the Harris County ESD11 Mobile Healthcare Clinical Commandments with the goal of setting initial expectations and tone moving forward.

Are these the "right" tenets?

There is no right, just our starting point.

Are there other correct answers?

Of course, these were just our building blocks.

Thanks for reading along and we'd love to hear additional feedback, ideas and suggestions.

1. PATIENTS ARE THE FOUNDATION
The process of developing and initiating a new, urban EMS system from the ground up in a matter of months was a herculean task to say the least. All employees had to clear the hurdles of initial interviews, scheduling around existing employment, truck familiarization, uniform sizing, ePCR implementation, and the usual compliance tasks, just to name a few.

It was an atypical few months for clinical staff and the medical director of an EMS service with no patients or medics. Ultimately, though, each of those apparent logistical, technological and operational hurdles were either directly or indirectly in place to allow for proper patient care. It made sense for us to take it back to the "why" of paramedicine and that's the patient. If patient's best interests and a patient-first attitude are the starting point, then the details of any clinical situation can be refined and addressed from that common ground.

2. ERRORS OF THE MIND VS. ERRORS OF THE HEART
One of the most common medical director questions is, "Can I be fired for a clinical mistake?" and the answer at ESD11 Mobile Healthcare is, absolutely not. However, clinical errors of the mind will inevitably occur.

Prehospital medicine is the culmination of thousands of split-second decisions made with limited information. There is always more to learn and areas for remediation. The clinical department and medical director exist primarily to support, educate and guide the field medics so that they can care for patients at the highest level possible.

Errors of the heart, such as lying, fraud, racism and neglect, are much more difficult to fix, yet easier to manage. They simply will not be tolerated.

3. ASSUME PATIENTS ARE SICK
Throughout various emergency care venues, whether EMS or emergency department, it is not uncommon to see the dangerous attitude creep in where patients must prove to the providers that their illness or complaint reaches some ill-defined "emergency" standard.

We are triage experts in EMS, which is an underappreciated skill, to say the least. To triage properly, however, providers must operate under the assumption that every patient has an emergency and it's up to us in EMS to not miss it. This doesn't mean every patient gets intubated and defibrillated, but it does mean that every patient gets a thorough and efficient exam, with full vitals, a differential consisting of the possible killer diagnoses and rapid transport to the most appropriate resources. We are in the business of death and disability, not of minimization.

4. IN CHARGE MEANS IN CHARGE
At Harris County ESD11 Mobile Healthcare, we operate under a hierarchy of paramedic credentialing. The in-charge paramedic is the lead on each ambulance and the backbone of all clinical care.

The concept of paramedic consultation with supervisors and online/offline medical direction exists in a variety of forms throughout EMS. It is our belief that if we train our most qualified providers to wear the title of "in-charge," then our protocols and practices should allow them to be in clinical command on scene. This allows for the quickest care and transport decisions for our patients. There are occasional checklist verification and supervisory consultation situations, but these are few and far between.

5. BUT … LIFELINES EXIST
There are certain times when supervisor and medical director support and input are needed. A prime example is high-risk/difficult patient refusals of transport. These situations are tough for all emergency providers.

Sometimes, patients change their minds in situations where we feel they are sick and we're unsure that they can comprehend the consequences. What's our end goal? To get our patients to the correct resources promptly. Anecdotes and evidence tell us, a push from the supervisor or urging from the medical director can encourage our patients to make safe decisions. No paramedic will be left on an island in our service.

6. WHEN WE SAY TIME SENSITIVE, WE MEAN IT
There are certain patients and diagnoses where we can positively affect outcomes based on proper scene management and transport decisions (not to get into the details of which time metrics are more valid than others). Large vessel occlusion strokes do better with earlier endovascular retrieval. Trauma patients have better outcomes with shorter on-scene times. EMS recognition of STEMI leads to quicker revascularization.

These facts are not news to anyone reading this, but they do form the foundation of QI/QA metrics and KPIs within any high functioning EMS system. Paramedics must know clear expectations before they can ever be expected to reach any metric goal.

7. TRANSPARENCY IS KEY
Forming a transparent foundation for QA/QI is key as this is the initial source of data within any EMS clinical department. Patient outcomes will be the basis of all continuing education, quality initiatives and protocol revisions for ESD11 Mobile Healthcare. This includes not only EMS outcomes, but also a robust system of data exchange with our hospital partners as well. We are a tax supported, third-service EMS system, so these transparent metrics, KPIs and educational initiatives will always be publicly available to the paramedics, receiving institutions and citizens of the district.

8. EVIDENCE BASED (FOR PATIENT'S SAKE)
Many paramedics inquired about progressive protocols during their initial interview process. We will be progressive at ESD11 Mobile Healthcare, but it will absolutely be progressive for patient's sake. The newest bell or shiny object are always desired across emergency care. Protocol updates, pharmacologic additions and procedural advancements will only be initiated if the service feels a gap in current patient care can be filled with the change. If said change is made, then open and transparent data collection will take place with an end goal and plan in place, for eventual peer-reviewed validation. This is the full circle of EMS clinical transparency.

9. WITH PARALYSIS AND RESTRAINT COME GREAT RESPONSIBILITY
Spider Man popularized the quote, "With great power comes great responsibility." This applies directly to any progressive or advanced EMS service capable of paralytic assisted intubation and/or chemical restraint. Pharmacologic and procedural detail aside, we must consider and always respect the gravity of taking over the faculties of a fellow human to better breathe or care for them.

This is a monumental decision that is accompanied by the absolute, non-negotiable requirement that paramedics and emergency providers know associated protocols with medication dosages, indications, contraindications and side-effects. The gravity and importance of airway management and chemical restraint was the focus of all clinical education that followed our 10 clinical commandments discussion.

10. KINDNESS IS EXPECTED
The ESD11 Mobile Healthcare clinical 10 commandments start and end with the patient as our foundation. We must always put the patient first. In addition, kindness, compassion and empathy are expected.

As first responders, we have the honor of meeting our public on their worst days. Heart attacks, strokes and motor vehicle crashes are often the most emotionally and physically traumatic days of those individual patient's lives. Yes, we see these events shift after shift, but we cannot underestimate our ability to have positive (or negative) impact on each patient that they will forever remember.

A mentor and giant of emergency medicine, Dr. Kevin Rodgers, often said, "Patients don't care how much you know until they know how much you care."

Read more:
Read more:
12 onboarding strategies for new hires with Maria Beermann-Foat

In this episode, our co-hosts are joined by Maria Beermann-Foat to discuss how agencies can start the retention process in the first 90 days of a new hire

ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Casey Patrick, MD, FAEMS

Dr. Casey Patrick is medical director for Harris County ESD11 Mobile Healthcare and assistant medical director for the Montgomery County Hospital District EMS service in Greater Houston, where he helped develop and produces the MCHD Paramedic Podcast. Dr. Patrick is board certified in both Emergency and EMS Medicine and works as a community emergency physician in multiple states. Additionally, he is an active member of the Texas NAEMSP State chapter and the national association, and serves as an EMS1 Editorial Advisory Board member.

Xavier De La Rosa, BS, LP, NRP, FP-C

Lieutenant Xavier A. De La Rosa, BS, LP, NRP, FP-C, is chief clinical officer for Harris County ESD 11 Mobile Healthcare. He has held multiple roles including for-profit EMS, 911 EMS, flight medicine and EMS-based fire service, and as a lieutenant in the Training Division of Fort Bend County EMS in Texas.

He has a degree in Emergency Health Sciences from the University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio and is currently enrolled at Johns Hopkins University for his Master's of Business Administration degree, with concentrations in Private and Public sector leadership and Health Innovation, Technology and Management.



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Harris County ESD11 Mobile Healthcare developed 10 commandments to set initial expectations while onboarding 200 paramedics
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