The association between episodes of nocturnal groaning and sleep cycles in catatherenia

Introduction: Sleep related groaning (catathrenia) is characterized by episodes of expiratory monotonous vocalization during sleep. Although catatherenia had been classified as a parasomnia in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) 2nd edition, catathrenia was re-classified as one of normal variants in sleep related breathing disorders in the ICSD 3rd edition.

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