Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery

Imaging-based navigation technologies in head and neck surgery Purpose of review Image guided navigation has had significant impact in head and neck surgery, and has been most prolific in endonasal surgeries. Although conventional image guidance involves static computed tomography (CT) images attained in the preoperative setting, the continual evolution of surgical navigation technologies is fast expanding to incorporate both real-time data and bioinformation that allows for improved precision in surgical guidance. With the rapid advances in technologies, this article allows for a timely review of the current and developing techniques in surgical navigation for head and neck surgery. Recent findings Current advances for cross-sectional-based image-guided surgery include fusion of CT with other imaging modalities (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography) as well as the uptake in intraoperative real-time 'on the table' imaging (e.g., cone-beam CT). These advances, together with the integration of virtual/augmented reality, enable potential enhancements in surgical navigation. In addition to the advances in radiological imaging, the development of optical modalities such as fluorescence and spectroscopy techniques further allows the assimilation of biological data to improve navigation particularly for head and neck surgery. Summary The steady development of radiological and optical imaging techniques shows great promise in changing the paradigm of head and neck surgery. Correspondence to Jonathan C. Irish, MD, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, TECHNA Institute, Guided Therapeutic (GTx) Program, Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St 8NU-882, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2C4. Tel: +1 (416) 340 3113; e-mail: Jonathan.Irish@uhn.ca Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Oral potentially malignant disorders: new insights for future treatment Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to define the issues regarding oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and provide an overview of currently available treatments and ongoing clinical trials for future opportunities. Recent findings Nowadays, the treatment of choice of OPMD is surgery, whose role in preventing malignant transformation is however limited because of the high rate of recurrence and field cancerization. There have been several attempts of combining systemic therapies with surgery to reduce risk of malignant transformation. The identification of biomarkers that could predict malignant transformation is crucial in better tailoring the risk profile and possible therapeutic approaches. Summary Loss of heterozygosity remains the most predictive marker of malignant transformation; however, role of specific microRNA and OPMD immune infiltration are emerging as potential biomarkers. Given the failure of previous trials with various chemopreventive strategies, new strategies should be defined to address the issue of systemic prevention of malignant transformation. Recent updates about immune infiltration and the immune-equilibrium concept for OPMD could shed light into new preventive approaches. Correspondence to Paolo Bossi, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Medical Oncology, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy. Tel: +39 0303998969; e-mail: paolo.bossi@unibs.it Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Therapeutic challenges in radiation-induced salivary gland cancers Purpose of review To give an overview of recent advances in therapeutic approaches of radiation-induced salivary gland cancers (ri-SGCs). Recent findings Reirradiation with protons and carbon ions demonstrated to be feasible, safe and to offer good local control rates, with the possibility of overcoming radioresistance and dosimetric issues in previously irradiated cancer patients. Chromosomal rearrangements, gene fusions and expression profiles are important to identify specific cancer subtypes and can guide tailored systemic therapy. Summary Ri-SGCs are rare and heterogeneous. Patients are often heavily pretreated and at risk of toxicities, and their management remain challenging. A multidisciplinary approach in referral centers is mandatory. Knowledge about SGCs cellular and molecular mechanisms is constantly evolving. In the last years, novel advances in therapeutic approaches, such as carbon ion radiotherapy, are emerging as safe and effective options in active treatment, but further efforts are needed to offer tailored personalized treatments and to improve survival. Correspondence to Sara Ronchi, MD, Radiation Oncology Clinical Department, National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO), Strada Campeggi 53, 27100 Pavia, Italy. Tel: +39 0382078501; e-mail: sara.ronchi@cnao.it Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

A roadmap of six different pathways to improve survival in laryngeal cancer patients Purpose of review Laryngeal cancer continues to require improvement in earlier stage diagnosis and better imaging delineation of disease, and hence 'more evidence-based' selection of treatment, as recent evidence suggests that related mortality, in the last decades, has not significantly decreased worldwide. Even though the reasons are not fully understood, there persists an urgency for a review and development of future strategies to embrace such clinical and diagnostic challenges from a political, societal, as well as scientific and clinical points of view. Recent findings This review of the published literature suggests that survival improvement in laryngeal cancer may be achieved by fuelling and combining at least some or all of six targeted agendas: documentation of disease global incidence and national burden monitoring; development and implementation of high-quality cancer registries; education on risk factors and hazardous habits associated with laryngeal cancer for the general population; active modification of proven at-risk population lifestyles; centralization of treatment; and use of machine learning of gathered 'big data' and their integration into approaches for the optimization of prevention and treatments strategies. Summary Laryngeal cancer should be tackled on several fronts, commencing with disease monitoring and prevention, up to treatment optimisation. Available modern resources offer the possibility to generate significant advances in laryngeal cancer management. However, each nation needs to develop a comprehensive approach, which is an essential prerequisite to obtain meaningful improvement on results. Correspondence to Patrick J. Bradley, 10 Chartwell Grove, Mapperley Plains, Nottingham NG3 5RD, UK. E-mail: pjbradley@zoo.co.uk Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Immediate dental implant placement and restoration in the edentulous mandible in head and neck cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis Purpose of review Oral rehabilitation with dental implants in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients is challenging. After tooth removal prior to radiotherapy, immediate placement of dental implants during panendoscopy or surgery is thought to reduce the oral rehabilitation time improving patients' quality of life. Recent findings There is lack of consensus on the timing of dental implant placement and loading protocols. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature regarding the performance and survival rate of immediately inserted dental implants placed prior to radiotherapy. Of 1003 articles, 10 were finally included comparing immediate vs. delayed placement of implants and comparing the effect of radiotherapy on immediately placed implants. Meta-analysis demonstrated a slightly higher survival of immediately placed implants compared with postponed placed implants [risk ratio: 0.92, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.48–1.78, P = 0.81, I2 = 0%]. The other meta-analysis comparing radiotherapy vs. nonradiotherapy showed a clearly better survival of immediately placed implants not having received radiotherapy (risk ratio: 5.02, 95% CI: 0.92–27.38, P = 0.10, I2  = 56%). Summary Guidelines are recommended for immediate dental implant placement in the edentulous mandible in HNC patients prior to radiotherapy to allow homogeneity regarding the treatment protocols and thus comparison of treatment outcomes. Correspondence to Frank K.J. Leusink, MD, PhD, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tel: +31 20 444 1023; fax: +31 20 444 1005; e-mail: f.leusink@amsterdamumc.nl Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Website (www.co-otolaryngology.com). This is an-open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatment of persistent/recurrent nodal disease in nasopharyngeal cancer Purpose of review Persistent or recurrent disease in the neck lymphatics is an unusual pattern of failure in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) after definitive radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. The purpose of this review is to critically synthesize the current knowledge regarding salvage treatment of this unique form of failure in NPC. Recent findings Surgery in the form of radical neck dissection has been established as the standard salvage treatment with 5-year regional control of 60--86%. Recent shift in paradigm has resulted in the use of modified or selective neck dissection as salvage surgery in some centers. Risk factors for poor survival outcome include recurrent nodal disease, number of involved lymph nodes, extracapsular extension, high lymph node ratio, and positive resection margin. There are no well controlled studies on the role of additional radiotherapy or chemotherapy to improve local control or survival after salvage neck dissection in this group of patients with regional failure. Summary There is limited literature regarding the extent of surgical dissection in treating nodal persistent or recurrent disease. Prospective studies are also needed to determine whether adjuvant therapy improves treatment outcomes. Correspondence to Wai-Tong Ng, Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China. Tel: +852 2255 4352; fax: +852 2872 6426; e-mail: ngwt1@hku.hk Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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