Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines are effective at preventing the ancestral severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) symptomatic infection and severe disease. However, many new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2) and the most recent Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants, continue to evolve with enhanced immune escape capabilities, posing serious challenges to the efficacy of current vaccines. Recent studies showed booster doses can remarkably reduce VOCs escape from neutralizing antibody response and can induce strong T-cell and memory B-cell responses[1-4](#ref-0001). Hybrid immunity resulting from the combinations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination has also been proved to produce antibodies with increased potency and breadth and elicit robust CD4+ T-cell populations with enhanced antiviral properties[5,6](#ref-0005). But is unclear that how infection and vaccination history affect immune imprinting and whether it's necessary to have a booster vaccination for people who had a breakthrough infection post-vaccination
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