Publication date: December 2017
Source:EMC - Otorinolaringoiatria, Volume 16, Issue 4
Author(s): A. Moya-Plana, E. Routier, C. Mateus, F. Kolb, C. Robert
I melanomi maligni cervicofacciali devono essere divisi in due gruppi distinti: i melanomi di origine cutanea e i melanomi mucosi. In effetti, queste due entità presentano importanti differenze in termini di storia naturale, epidemiologia, gestione terapeutica e prognosi. Il melanoma cutaneo è la forma predominante. La sua incidenza è in costante aumento da diversi decenni, con, in Francia, dieci nuovi casi ogni 100 000 abitanti per anno (all'origine di 1 600 decessi). Il principale fattore di rischio è l'esposizione solare, mentre le forme familiari rappresentano solo il 10% dei pazienti. Nel 30% dei casi, la localizzazione è cervicofacciale. Le particolarità anatomiche di questa regione influenzano significativamente le modalità di trattamento e la prognosi di questi pazienti, che è più riservata. Benché il trattamento resti prima di tutto chirurgico, sono stati compiuti recentemente notevoli progressi nel trattamento degli stadi avanzati con lo sviluppo di terapie mirate (anti-BRAF in particolare) e dell'immunoterapia (anti-programmed death 1 [PD-1]). Un posto importante deve essere lasciato alla prevenzione primaria e all'educazione dei pazienti, soprattutto in termini di protezione solare. Il melanoma mucoso, dal canto suo, è un tumore raro che rappresenta meno del 5% di tutti i melanomi. La sua localizzazione preferenziale è cervicofacciale, in particolare a livello nasosinusale. La prognosi del melanoma mucoso è riservata. Questa patologia è difficile da controllare a livello locale a causa del suo carattere spesso multifocale e dei vincoli anatomici della regione cervicofacciale, che rendono difficile ottenere un'exeresi oncologica soddisfacente. Inoltre, esiste un significativo rischio metastatico all'origine di un'importante mortalità precoce. Il trattamento di riferimento è la chirurgia, classicamente seguita da una radioterapia adiuvante. Nuove tecniche di radioterapia (adroterapia, ecc.) e terapie innovative (terapie mirate, ecc.) sono in corso di valutazione.
from #ORL-AlexandrosSfakianakis via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2z6bywb
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Τετάρτη 15 Νοεμβρίου 2017
Melanomi cutanei cervicofacciali
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